The graph in question has 81 vertices, one vertex for each cell of the In its standard form is to construct a proper 9-coloring of a particular graph, given a Solving Sudoku puzzles can be expressed as a graph coloring problem. The problem of solving a puzzle that is known to have only one However, for a non-trivial starting board, the game tree is very large and so this Problem is finite and can be solved by a deterministic finite automaton that knows the entire Indication of why Sudoku is hard to play, but on ordinary 9×9 or 16×16 boards the The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n 2× n 2īoards of n× n blocks is known to be NP-complete. This phenomenon, or even release a public statement about it. Included in puzzle anthologies, such as The Giant 1001 Puzzle Book (under the title NineĬuriously, Dell, the apparent inventors of the puzzle, have made no attempts to cash in on Name Squared Away the New York Post is now also publishing the puzzle. The immense popularity of Sudoku in British newspapers and internationally has led to it beingĭubbed in the world media in 2005 variously as "the Rubik's cube of the 21st century" or theīringing the process full-circle, Kappa reprints Nikoli Sudoku in GAMES Magazine under the The puzzles by Pappocom, Wayne Gould's software house, have been printed daily ever since. Puzzle in The Daily Telegraph on 20th May 2005 five puzzles with solutions were printed thatĭay. Nationwide News Pty Ltd began publishing the Publish the puzzle under the name "Codenumber". In Britain, which launched it on 12 November 2004. Spontaneously produces puzzles this took over six years. He went on to develop a computer program that Partly completed puzzle in a Japanese bookshop. In 1997, retired Hong Kong judge Wayne Gould, 59, a New Zealander, was enticed by seeing a Nikoli still holds the trademark for the name Sudoku other publications (at least in Japan) use other names. It is now published in mainstream Japanese periodicals, such as the Asahi Shimbun. In 1986, Nikoli introduced two innovations which guaranteed the popularity of the puzzle: the number of givens was restricted to no more than 30 and puzzles became "symmetrical" (meaning the givens were distributed in rotationally symmetric cells). At a later date, the name was abbreviated to Sudoku (数独, pronounced sue-do-koo sū = number, doku = single) it is a common practice in Japanese to take only the first kanji of compound words to form a shorter version. The puzzle was named by Kaji Maki (鍜治 真起), the president of Nikoli. (独身 literally means "single celibate unmarried"). Which can be translated as "the numbers must be single" or "the numbers must occur only once" The puzzle was introduced in Japan by Nikoli in the paper Monthly Nikolist in April 1984 as The first of its kind is not recorded, but it was probably Walter Mackey, one of Dell's The person who designed the puzzle and composed The puzzle seems to have first been published in New York in the lateġ970s by the specialist puzzle publisher Dell in its magazine Math Puzzles and Logic
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